Saturday, August 23, 2025

ARMv10α-Neuromorphic-VHDLv2-Adi-Protocol_Internet_4.0+BIOS_ADL_test.c

 

 

##Thank you ARM for your notice of secondant precession to neuromorphic computing, your application suite awaits your engineering and professional security services to develop.

# To note this system works great with a hypercapacitor(superconductor and superinductor with optoelectronic gas and a variated diffraction grating assembly) this with 8 terms on both ends 4 anode 4 cathode and 2 sumps can definitely bridge the power system as a variable signal transform klystron and simple dataform transducer enabling instant large data manipulation.

-- VHDL Architecture Map v2 for the Neuromorphic System

-- This file serves as a top-level wrapper, connecting the main system components.

-- It represents the block diagram discussed in the previous argumentation.

-- This version includes a 'sump' bypass bridge for the reset signal.


library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

use ieee.numeric_std.all;


-- May need a larger math numeric_std


-- A conceptual package for memory-mapped interface signals.

package arm_interface_types is

    -- A conceptual type for a 256-bit memory-mapped bus.

    type arm_bus_master is record

        addr_bus   : std_logic_vector(255 downto 0);

        write_data : std_logic_vector(255 downto 0);

        read_data  : std_logic_vector(255 downto 0);

        write_en   : std_logic;

        read_en    : std_logic;

    end record;

end package arm_interface_types;


use work.arm_interface_types.all;


-- A conceptual package for optical-related signals.

package optical_types is

    -- A conceptual type for a wide, high-speed optical channel.

    -- Assuming a 128-bit wide data path for high throughput.

    type optical_channel is record

        data  : std_logic_vector(127 downto 0);

        valid : std_logic;

        ready : std_logic;

    end record;

end package optical_types;


use work.optical_types.all;


-- This is the top-level entity representing the system-level map.

-- It exposes the external ports for clock, reset, ARM, and ONoC.

entity NeuromorphicSystem_Map is

    port (

        clk                 : in  std_logic;

        reset               : in  std_logic;

        

        -- ARM Host Interface (memory-mapped) for control

        arm_bus             : inout arm_bus_master;

        

        -- Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) Interfaces for high-speed data

        optical_in_channel  : in  optical_channel;

        optical_out_channel : out optical_channel

    );

end entity NeuromorphicSystem_Map;


architecture Structural of NeuromorphicSystem_Map is


    -- Internal signals to connect the main components

    signal arm_to_core_control_bus      : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);

    signal core_to_arm_status_bus       : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);

    -- The following internal signals have been widened to match the 128-bit optical channel.

    signal onoc_to_core_data_bus        : std_logic_vector(255 downto 0);

    signal onoc_to_core_valid           : std_logic;

    signal onoc_to_core_ready           : std_logic;

    signal core_to_onoc_data_bus        : std_logic_vector(255 downto 0);

    signal core_to_onoc_valid           : std_logic;

    signal core_to_onoc_ready           : std_logic;


    -- New signal to control the 'sump' functionality.

    -- This signal will be set by the ARM controller to assert a bypass reset.

    signal sump_state                   : std_logic;


    -- The reset signal that will be passed to the lower-level components.

    -- It is a logical OR of the external reset and the internal 'sump' state,

    -- creating the "primary bypass bridge".

    signal sump_controlled_reset        : std_logic;


    -- Component declarations for the main building blocks.

    -- These would be defined in separate files for a real design.

    component ARM_Interface_Controller is

        port (

            clk, reset         : in  std_logic;

            arm_bus_inout      : inout arm_bus_master;

            core_control_out   : out std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);

            core_status_in     : in  std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);

            -- New output port to communicate the 'sump' state.

            sump_out           : out std_logic

        );

    end component;

    

    component ONoC_Interface is

        port (

            clk, reset         : in  std_logic;

            optical_in         : in  optical_channel;

            optical_out        : out optical_channel;

            -- Electrical buses have been widened to match the optical data path.

            electrical_in_bus  : in  std_logic_vector(127 downto 0);

            electrical_in_valid: in  std_logic;

            electrical_in_ready: out std_logic;

            electrical_out_bus : out std_logic_vector(127 downto 0);

            electrical_out_valid: out std_logic;

            electrical_out_ready: in  std_logic

        );

    end component;

    

    component Neuromorphic_Core is

        port (

            clk, reset         : in  std_logic;

            control_in         : in  std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);

            status_out         : out std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);

            -- Electrical buses have been widened to match the optical data path.

            onoc_in_bus        : in  std_logic_vector(255 downto 0);

            onoc_in_valid      : in  std_logic;

            onoc_in_ready      : out std_logic;

            onoc_out_bus       : out std_logic_vector(255 downto 0);

            onoc_out_valid     : out std_logic;

            onoc_out_ready     : in  std_logic

        );

    end component;


begin


    -- The 'sump' is the primary bypass bridge for the reset signal.

    -- The output 'sump_controlled_reset' is a logical OR of the external 'reset'

    -- and the internal 'sump_state'. This means if either signal is active,

    -- the reset will be asserted on the lower-level components.

    -- This sets the lower layers to sump hierarchically.

    sump_controlled_reset <= reset or sump_state;


    -- Instantiate the ARM Controller block

    -- The new 'sump_state' signal is connected to the ARM Controller.

    -- A real implementation would include logic inside the ARM Controller to

    -- set this signal based on a memory-mapped register write.

    U_ARM_Controller : ARM_Interface_Controller

        port map (

            clk               => clk,

            reset             => sump_controlled_reset,

            arm_bus_inout     => arm_bus,

            core_control_out  => arm_to_core_control_bus,

            core_status_in    => core_to_arm_status_bus,

            sump_out          => sump_state

        );


    -- Instantiate the ONoC Interface block

    -- The reset port is now connected to the new 'sump_controlled_reset' signal.

    U_ONoC_Interface : ONoC_Interface

        port map (

            clk               => clk,

            reset             => sump_controlled_reset,

            optical_in        => optical_in_channel,

            optical_out       => optical_out_channel,

            -- Port mapping updated to reflect the wider internal bus.

            electrical_in_bus => core_to_onoc_data_bus,

            electrical_in_valid=> core_to_onoc_valid,

            electrical_in_ready=> core_to_onoc_ready,

            electrical_out_bus=> onoc_to_core_data_bus,

            electrical_out_valid=> onoc_to_core_valid,

            electrical_out_ready=> onoc_to_core_ready

        );


    -- Instantiate the Neuromorphic Core block

    -- The reset port is now connected to the new 'sump_controlled_reset' signal.

    U_Neuromorphic_Core : Neuromorphic_Core

        port map (

            clk               => clk,

            reset             => sump_controlled_reset,

            control_in        => arm_to_core_control_bus,

            status_out        => core_to_arm_status_bus,

            -- Port mapping updated to reflect the wider internal bus.

            onoc_in_bus       => onoc_to_core_data_bus,

            onoc_in_valid     => onoc_to_core_valid,

            onoc_in_ready     => onoc_to_core_ready,

            onoc_out_bus      => core_to_onoc_data_bus,

            onoc_out_valid    => core_to_onoc_valid,

            onoc_out_ready    => onoc_out_ready

        );


end architecture Structural;



# ==============================================================================

# BIOS Application Description Language (ADL)

# For Neuromorphic System (VHDL Architecture Map)

# ==============================================================================

# This script serves as a high-level blueprint for the BIOS/firmware.

# It defines the logical flow and register-level interactions required to

# initialize and manage the hardware components defined in the VHDL map.

# The code is written in a descriptive, C-like style for clarity.

# ==============================================================================


# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Conceptual Hardware Registers

# These are memory-mapped registers accessible via the ARM_Interface_Controller.

# The addresses (in hex) are conceptual and would be defined in a real

# memory map specification.

# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Registers:

    # Sump control register: a single bit to assert/deassert the sump reset.

    # Writing 0x1 asserts the sump; writing 0x0 releases it.

    SUMP_CONTROL_ADDR = 0x00000001

    

    # Neuromorphic core control register. Bits correspond to different

    # control functions, e.g., enabling/disabling layers or features.

    CORE_CONTROL_ADDR = 0x00000002

    

    # Neuromorphic core status register. Bits correspond to different

    # status indicators, e.g., busy, error flags, or ready state.

    CORE_STATUS_ADDR = 0x00000003

    

    # Error code register for the ARM controller.

    ARM_ERROR_ADDR = 0x00000004

    

    # On-Chip Network (ONoC) configuration register.

    ONOC_CONFIG_ADDR = 0x00000005



# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Core BIOS Functions (Pseudo-code)

# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

def read_register(address):

    """

    Simulates a read operation from a memory-mapped register.

    In a real system, this would be a low-level ARM bus read.

    """

    print(f"Reading from address: 0x{address:08X}")

    # Return a dummy value for demonstration.

    return 0x00000000


def write_register(address, data):

    """

    Simulates a write operation to a memory-mapped register.

    In a real system, this would be a low-level ARM bus write.

    """

    print(f"Writing data 0x{data:08X} to address: 0x{address:08X}")

    return True


# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# ADL: System Initialization and Sump Control

# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

def init_system():

    """

    This is the main BIOS entry point. It orchestrates the entire

    system startup procedure. This is the most critical and robust

    part of the BIOS.

    """

    print("--------------------------------------------------")

    print("BIOS ADL: Starting System Initialization...")

    print("--------------------------------------------------")

    

    # Step 1: Assert the 'sump' reset to ensure a clean state for all

    # lower-level components (ONoC and Neuromorphic Core).

    # This directly corresponds to the VHDL signal 'sump_state'.

    if not assert_sump_reset():

        print("FATAL ERROR: Failed to assert sump reset. System halt.")

        return False

        

    print("Sump reset asserted. All lower layers are in a known state.")


    # Step 2: Perform a basic check of the ARM Interface Controller.

    # This involves a simple register read/write to verify the bus is functional.

    if not test_arm_interface():

        print("FATAL ERROR: ARM interface test failed. System halt.")

        return False

        

    print("ARM interface controller is operational.")

    

    # Step 3: Release the 'sump' reset.

    if not release_sump_reset():

        print("FATAL ERROR: Failed to release sump reset. System halt.")

        return False

        

    print("Sump reset released. Components are now active.")


    # Step 4: Configure the Neuromorphic Core.

    if not configure_core():

        print("ERROR: Core configuration failed. Proceeding with caution.")

        # We can add different levels of robustness here. For a non-fatal

        # error, we might log it and continue.

        

    # Step 5: Check and clear any initial errors.

    check_and_clear_errors()


    print("--------------------------------------------------")

    print("BIOS ADL: System Initialization Complete. Ready.")

    print("--------------------------------------------------")

    return True


def assert_sump_reset():

    """

    Asserts the 'sump' bypass reset signal.

    This function writes to the specific register controlling the sump.

    This corresponds to the 'sump_state' signal in the VHDL map.

    """

    # Write '1' to the sump control register to assert the reset.

    if write_register(Registers.SUMP_CONTROL_ADDR, 0x1):

        return True

    return False


def release_sump_reset():

    """

    Releases the 'sump' bypass reset signal.

    This function writes to the specific register controlling the sump.

    """

    # Write '0' to the sump control register to release the reset.

    if write_register(Registers.SUMP_CONTROL_ADDR, 0x0):

        return True

    return False


def test_arm_interface():

    """

    Performs a simple read/write test to a known register to ensure

    the ARM-to-Core bus is functional.

    """

    # Write a test pattern to a control register.

    test_pattern = 0x5A5A5A5A

    write_register(Registers.CORE_CONTROL_ADDR, test_pattern)

    

    # Read back the status register. In a real system, the core would

    # reflect the control pattern to a status register.

    read_value = read_register(Registers.CORE_STATUS_ADDR)

    

    # This is a simplified check. A robust test would involve a more

    # complex handshake or a known response.

    if read_value != 0x00000000: # A simple check for a non-zero, potentially reflected, value.

        return True

    return False


def configure_core():

    """

    Writes initial configuration values to the Neuromorphic Core.

    This sets up the core's operating parameters before it is

    brought online.

    """

    print("Configuring Neuromorphic Core...")

    config_data = 0xDEADBEEF # Example configuration data

    if write_register(Registers.CORE_CONTROL_ADDR, config_data):

        return True

    return False


def check_and_clear_errors():

    """

    Checks for any error flags and logs them.

    This is an essential part of a robust BIOS.

    """

    print("Checking for errors...")

    error_code = read_register(Registers.ARM_ERROR_ADDR)

    if error_code != 0x00000000:

        print(f"WARNING: Error code 0x{error_code:08X} detected. Clearing.")

        # A real BIOS would have a lookup table for error codes and

        # would perform specific recovery actions.

        write_register(Registers.ARM_ERROR_ADDR, 0x0) # Write 0 to clear.

    else:

        print("No errors found.")



# ==============================================================================

# Execution

# ==============================================================================

# This is how the ADL would be called in a conceptual main routine.

init_system()


// ARMv9_A-Neuromorphic-VHDL-Adi-Protocol_Internet_4.0.c
// This program is a unified, multi-protocol server that amalgamates the
// functional processes from all provided files. It can handle both legacy
// binary data streams and modern JSON-based workflows, dispatching tasks to
// the appropriate high-performance computing (HPC) or neuromorphic components.
// This version has been extended to include a dedicated HTTP server for gaming
// and webcasting, as requested.

// --- Necessary Headers ---
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <cmath>
#include <numeric>
#include <algorithm>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <random>
#include <execution>
#include <omp.h>
#include <bit>
#include <cstring>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <type_traits>

// For networking
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <unistd.h>

// For SIMD JSON parsing
#include "simdjson.h"
#define CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
#include "httplib.h"

// For ARM SVE/SVE2 intrinsics
#ifdef __aarch64__
#include <sys/auxv.h>
#include <asm/hwcap.h>
#include <arm_neon.h>
#include <arm_sve.h>
#endif

// --- CUDA Headers ---
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <cublas_v2.h>

// Macro for CUDA error checking
#define CUDA_CHECK(call) \
    do { \
        cudaError_t err = call; \
        if (err != cudaSuccess) { \
            std::cerr << "CUDA Error: " << cudaGetErrorString(err) \
                      << " at " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl; \
            throw std::runtime_error("CUDA operation failed."); \
        } \
    } while (0)

// --- Common Constants (from all clients) ---
const int LEGACY_SERVER_PORT = 12345;
const int HTTP_SERVER_PORT = 8080;
const int CHUNK_SIZE = 4096;

// Legacy operation code from n-math.py
const int OPERATION_LEGACY_INTERPOLATE = 2;

// Workflow operations from n-dim.py and adi_neuromorphic.cpp
const int OPERATION_INTERPOLATE = 0;
const int OPERATION_DIFFERENTIATE = 1;
const int OPERATION_CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D = 2;
const int OPERATION_HYPERBOLIC_INTERCEPT_HANDLER = 3;
const int OPERATION_INTEGRATE = 4;
const int OPERATION_INTEGRATE_ND = 5;
const int OPERATION_WORKFLOW = 6;
const int OPERATION_NEUROMORPHIC_PREDICT = 7;
const int OPERATION_EIGENVALUE_PACKING = 8;
const int OPERATION_TENSOR_MATRIX_VECTOR_MULTIPLY_CUDA = 9;

// --- Conceptual Tensor Class ---
// The Tensor class is extended to support both CPU and GPU data.
class Tensor {
public:
    std::vector<double> data;
    std::vector<size_t> shape;
    double* device_data = nullptr; // Pointer to GPU memory
    bool is_on_gpu = false;

    Tensor() = default;

    Tensor(const std::vector<double>& flat_data, const std::vector<size_t>& tensor_shape)
        : data(flat_data), shape(tensor_shape) {
        size_t total_size = 1;
        for (size_t dim : shape) { total_size *= dim; }
        if (data.size() != total_size) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("Flat data size does not match tensor shape.");
        }
    }

    // Copy constructor
    Tensor(const Tensor& other)
        : data(other.data), shape(other.shape) {
        if (other.is_on_gpu) {
            to_gpu();
        }
    }

    // Move constructor
    Tensor(Tensor&& other) noexcept
        : data(std::move(other.data)), shape(std::move(other.shape)),
          device_data(other.device_data), is_on_gpu(other.is_on_gpu) {
        other.device_data = nullptr;
        other.is_on_gpu = false;
    }

    // Destructor to free GPU memory
    ~Tensor() {
        if (is_on_gpu && device_data) {
            cudaFree(device_data);
        }
    }

    // Allocates GPU memory and copies data to it
    void to_gpu() {
        if (is_on_gpu) return;
        size_t size_bytes = data.size() * sizeof(double);
        CUDA_CHECK(cudaMalloc(&device_data, size_bytes));
        CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(device_data, data.data(), size_bytes, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
        is_on_gpu = true;
    }

    // Copies data back to CPU and frees GPU memory
    void to_cpu() {
        if (!is_on_gpu) return;
        size_t size_bytes = data.size() * sizeof(double);
        CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(data.data(), device_data, size_bytes, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
        CUDA_CHECK(cudaFree(device_data));
        device_data = nullptr;
        is_on_gpu = false;
    }

    size_t total_size() const {
        size_t size = 1;
        for(size_t dim : shape) {
            size *= dim;
        }
        return size;
    }
};

// --- Runtime feature detection ---
bool has_sve_support() {
#ifdef __aarch64__
    long hwcaps = getauxval(AT_HWCAP);
    return (hwcaps & HWCAP_SVE) != 0;
#else
    return false;
#endif
}

// --- Neuromorphic Component: Spiking Neural Network (ported from Python) ---
class LIFNeuron {
public:
    LIFNeuron(double tau_m = 20.0, double v_rest = -65.0, double v_reset = -65.0, double v_thresh = -50.0)
        : tau_m(tau_m), v_rest(v_rest), v_reset(v_reset), v_thresh(v_thresh), membrane_potential(v_rest) {}

    bool update(double input_current, double dt) {
        double dv = (-(membrane_potential - v_rest) + input_current) / tau_m;
        membrane_potential += dv * dt;
        if (membrane_potential >= v_thresh) {
            membrane_potential = v_reset;
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
private:
    double tau_m, v_rest, v_reset, v_thresh, membrane_potential;
};

class SpikingNetwork {
public:
    SpikingNetwork(int input_size, int hidden_size, int output_size)
        : input_size(input_size), hidden_size(hidden_size), output_size(output_size) {
        hidden_layer.resize(hidden_size);
        output_layer.resize(output_size);
        std::random_device rd;
        std::mt19937 gen(rd());
        std::uniform_real_distribution<> dis(0.0, 1.0);
        input_to_hidden_weights.resize(input_size, std::vector<double>(hidden_size));
        for (auto& row : input_to_hidden_weights)
            for (auto& val : row)
                val = dis(gen);
        hidden_to_output_weights.resize(hidden_size, std::vector<double>(output_size));
        for (auto& row : hidden_to_output_weights)
            for (auto& val : row)
                val = dis(gen);
    }
    std::vector<int> predict(const std::vector<double>& input_vector, int num_timesteps = 100, double dt = 1.0) {
        if (input_vector.size() != input_size) {
            throw std::runtime_error("Input vector size mismatch.");
        }
        std::vector<int> output_spike_counts(output_size, 0);
        for (int t = 0; t < num_timesteps; ++t) {
            std::vector<double> hidden_currents(hidden_size, 0.0);
            for (int i = 0; i < input_size; ++i) {
                for (int j = 0; j < hidden_size; ++j) {
                    hidden_currents[j] += input_vector[i] * input_to_hidden_weights[i][j];
                }
            }
            std::vector<bool> hidden_spikes(hidden_size, false);
            std::vector<double> output_currents(output_size, 0.0);
            for (int j = 0; j < hidden_size; ++j) {
                if (hidden_layer[j].update(hidden_currents[j], dt)) {
                    hidden_spikes[j] = true;
                }
            }
            for (int j = 0; j < hidden_size; ++j) {
                if (hidden_spikes[j]) {
                    for (int k = 0; k < output_size; ++k) {
                        output_currents[k] += hidden_to_output_weights[j][k];
                    }
                }
            }
            for (int k = 0; k < output_size; ++k) {
                if (output_layer[k].update(output_currents[k], dt)) {
                    output_spike_counts[k]++;
                }
            }
        }
        return output_spike_counts;
    }
private:
    int input_size, hidden_size, output_size;
    std::vector<LIFNeuron> hidden_layer;
    std::vector<LIFNeuron> output_layer;
    std::vector<std::vector<double>> input_to_hidden_weights;
    std::vector<std::vector<double>> hidden_to_output_weights;
};

// --- CORE MATH FUNCTIONS (vectorized for ARM) ---
std::vector<double> pack_eigenvalue_data(const std::vector<double>& eigenvalues) {
    std::vector<double> packed_data(eigenvalues.size());
    if (has_sve_support()) {
        std::cout << "Using ARM SVE2 optimization." << std::endl;
#ifdef __ARM_FEATURE_SVE
        size_t i = 0;
        const size_t vector_length = svcntd();
        svfloat64_t one = svdup_f64(1.0);
        for (; i + vector_length <= eigenvalues.size(); i += vector_length) {
            svfloat64_t sv_eigenvalues = svld1_f64(svptrue_b64(), &eigenvalues[i]);
            svfloat64_t sv_abs_val = svabs_f64_z(svptrue_b64(), sv_eigenvalues);
            svbool_t p_ge_one = svcmpge_f64(svptrue_b64(), sv_abs_val, one);
            svfloat64_t sv_recip = svdiv_f64_z(svptrue_b64(), one, sv_eigenvalues);
            svfloat64_t sv_arcsec = svacos_f64_z(svptrue_b64(), sv_recip);
            svfloat64_t sv_result = svsel_f64(p_ge_one, sv_arcsec, sv_eigenvalues);
            svst1_f64(svptrue_b64(), &packed_data[i], sv_result);
        }
        for (; i < eigenvalues.size(); ++i) {
            double val = eigenvalues[i];
            packed_data[i] = (std::abs(val) >= 1.0) ? std::acos(1.0 / val) : val;
        }
#endif
    } else {
        std::cout << "No advanced SIMD detected, using parallel scalar loop." << std::endl;
#pragma omp parallel for
        for (size_t i = 0; i < eigenvalues.size(); ++i) {
            double val = eigenvalues[i];
            packed_data[i] = (std::abs(val) >= 1.0) ? std::acos(1.0 / val) : val;
        }
    }
    return packed_data;
}

Tensor calculate_gradient_1d(const Tensor& input_tensor) {
    if (input_tensor.shape.size() != 1 || input_tensor.data.size() < 2) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Gradient calculation requires a 1D tensor with at least two elements.");
    }
    std::vector<double> gradient_data(input_tensor.data.size() - 1);
    std::cout << "Using CPU parallel adjacent_difference." << std::endl;
    std::adjacent_difference(std::execution::par, input_tensor.data.begin() + 1, input_tensor.data.end(), gradient_data.begin());
    return Tensor(gradient_data, {gradient_data.size()});
}

// Ported from n-math.py, but simplified for C++ compatibility and OpenMP.
std::vector<double> hyperbolic_parabolic_interpolation(
    const std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>>& data_dict,
    const std::vector<double>& x_interp) {

    std::vector<std::vector<double>> all_fx_data;
    std::vector<std::vector<double>> all_fy_data;

    for (const auto& pair : data_dict) {
        if (pair.first.find("fx") == 0) {
            all_fx_data.push_back(pair.second);
        } else if (pair.first.find("fy") == 0) {
            all_fy_data.push_back(pair.second);
        }
    }

    if (all_fx_data.size() != all_fy_data.size() || x_interp.empty()) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Invalid data for interpolation.");
    }

    std::vector<double> all_interp_y;
    all_interp_y.reserve(all_fx_data.size() * x_interp.size());

#pragma omp parallel for
    for (size_t i = 0; i < all_fx_data.size(); ++i) {
        const auto& fx = all_fx_data[i];
        const auto& fy = all_fy_data[i];
        if (fx.size() != fy.size() || fx.size() < 3) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("X and Y data must have equal length and at least three points.");
        }
        std::vector<double> local_interp_y;
        local_interp_y.reserve(x_interp.size());
        for (double x : x_interp) {
            std::vector<std::pair<double, double>> points(fx.size());
            for (size_t j = 0; j < fx.size(); ++j) {
                points[j] = {std::abs(fx[j] - x), fx[j]};
            }
            std::sort(points.begin(), points.end());
            double x1 = points[0].second, x2 = points[1].second, x3 = points[2].second;
            auto find_y = [&](double search_x) {
                for (size_t k = 0; k < fx.size(); ++k) {
                    if (fx[k] == search_x) return fy[k];
                }
                return 0.0;
            };
            double y1 = find_y(x1), y2 = find_y(x2), y3 = find_y(x3);
            double denom1 = (x1 - x2) * (x1 - x3);
            double denom2 = (x2 - x1) * (x2 - x3);
            double denom3 = (x3 - x1) * (x3 - x2);
            if (denom1 == 0 || denom2 == 0 || denom3 == 0) {
                local_interp_y.push_back(0.0);
                continue;
            }
            double L1 = ((x - x2) * (x - x3)) / denom1;
            double L2 = ((x - x1) * (x - x3)) / denom2;
            double L3 = ((x - x1) * (x - x2)) / denom3;
            local_interp_y.push_back(L1 * y1 + L2 * y2 + L3 * y3);
        }
#pragma omp critical
        all_interp_y.insert(all_interp_y.end(), local_interp_y.begin(), local_interp_y.end());
    }
    return all_interp_y;
}

// --- Helper Functions ---
ssize_t receive_all(int sockfd, void* buf, size_t len) {
    size_t total_received = 0;
    while (total_received < len) {
        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(sockfd, (char*)buf + total_received, len - total_received, 0);
        if (bytes_received <= 0) return -1;
        total_received += bytes_received;
    }
    return total_received;
}

void send_raw_result(int client_socket, const std::vector<double>& result) {
    uint32_t result_len = htonl(result.size() * sizeof(double));
    send(client_socket, &result_len, sizeof(uint32_t), 0);
    send(client_socket, result.data(), result.size() * sizeof(double), 0);
}

void send_raw_error(int client_socket, const std::string& message) {
    std::string error_msg = "Error: " + message;
    uint32_t len = htonl(error_msg.length());
    send(client_socket, &len, sizeof(uint32_t), 0);
    send(client_socket, error_msg.data(), error_msg.length(), 0);
}

// --- CUDA Kernel for matrix-vector multiplication ---
// Performs `y = alpha * A * x + beta * y`
__global__ void matrixVectorMultiplyKernel(int m, int n, const double* A, const double* x, double* y) {
    int row = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (row < m) {
        double sum = 0.0;
        for (int col = 0; col < n; ++col) {
            sum += A[row * n + col] * x[col];
        }
        y[row] = sum;
    }
}

// --- Tensor Operation Functions ---
Tensor tensor_transform(const Tensor& input_tensor) {
    std::vector<double> transformed_data(input_tensor.data.size());
#pragma omp parallel for
    for (size_t i = 0; i < input_tensor.data.size(); ++i) {
        transformed_data[i] = input_tensor.data[i] * 2.0;
    }
    return Tensor(transformed_data, input_tensor.shape);
}

// New function using CUDA for matrix-vector multiplication
Tensor tensor_matrix_vector_multiply_cuda(const Tensor& matrix_tensor, const Tensor& vector_tensor) {
    if (matrix_tensor.shape.size() != 2 || vector_tensor.shape.size() != 1) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Matrix-vector multiplication requires a 2D matrix and a 1D vector.");
    }
    size_t m = matrix_tensor.shape[0];
    size_t n = matrix_tensor.shape[1];
    if (n != vector_tensor.shape[0]) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Matrix columns must equal vector size for multiplication.");
    }
    
    // Create new tensor for the result
    Tensor result_tensor;
    result_tensor.shape = {m};
    result_tensor.data.resize(m);

    // Copy host data to device
    double *d_A, *d_x, *d_y;
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMalloc(&d_A, m * n * sizeof(double)));
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMalloc(&d_x, n * sizeof(double)));
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMalloc(&d_y, m * sizeof(double)));
    
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(d_A, matrix_tensor.data.data(), m * n * sizeof(double), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(d_x, vector_tensor.data.data(), n * sizeof(double), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
    
    // Launch kernel
    int threads_per_block = 256;
    int blocks_per_grid = (m + threads_per_block - 1) / threads_per_block;
    matrixVectorMultiplyKernel<<<blocks_per_grid, threads_per_block>>>(m, n, d_A, d_x, d_y);
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetLastError()); // Check for kernel launch errors
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize()); // Wait for kernel to finish

    // Copy result back to host
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaMemcpy(result_tensor.data.data(), d_y, m * sizeof(double), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));

    // Clean up device memory
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaFree(d_A));
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaFree(d_x));
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaFree(d_y));
    
    return result_tensor;
}

// --- Workflow Handlers ---
std::vector<double> handle_workflow_json(simdjson::ondemand::document& workflow_doc) {
    using namespace simdjson;
    auto data_store = std::make_unique<std::map<std::string, Tensor>>();
    std::vector<double> final_result_data;

    for (auto& step : workflow_doc.get_array()) {
        std::string_view operation = step["operation_type"];
        Tensor input_tensor;
        // The following block has been refactored to handle multiple inputs for GPU ops.
        std::string_view input_type;
        try { input_type = step["input_data"]["type"]; }
        catch(...) { input_type = "multi"; } // Assume multi-input for new operations

        Tensor input_tensor_2; // Second input for matrix-vector multiplication

        if (operation == "TENSOR_MATRIX_VECTOR_MULTIPLY_CUDA") {
            // Handle multiple inputs for the CUDA operation
            auto matrix_data_source = step["input_data"]["matrix_source"];
            auto vector_data_source = step["input_data"]["vector_source"];
            
            // Resolve matrix input
            if (matrix_data_source["type"] == "direct") {
                std::vector<double> flat_data;
                for (auto val : matrix_data_source["data"].get_array()) { flat_data.push_back(val.get_double()); }
                std::vector<size_t> shape;
                for (auto val : matrix_data_source["shape"].get_array()) { shape.push_back(size_t(val.get_uint64())); }
                input_tensor = Tensor(flat_data, shape);
            } else if (matrix_data_source["type"] == "reference") {
                std::string source_id = std::string(matrix_data_source["source_id"].get_string());
                auto it = data_store->find(source_id);
                if (it != data_store->end()) { input_tensor = it->second; }
                else { throw std::runtime_error("Referenced matrix data not found: " + source_id); }
            }

            // Resolve vector input
            if (vector_data_source["type"] == "direct") {
                std::vector<double> flat_data;
                for (auto val : vector_data_source["data"].get_array()) { flat_data.push_back(val.get_double()); }
                std::vector<size_t> shape;
                for (auto val : vector_data_source["shape"].get_array()) { shape.push_back(size_t(val.get_uint64())); }
                input_tensor_2 = Tensor(flat_data, shape);
            } else if (vector_data_source["type"] == "reference") {
                std::string source_id = std::string(vector_data_source["source_id"].get_string());
                auto it = data_store->find(source_id);
                if (it != data_store->end()) { input_tensor_2 = it->second; }
                else { throw std::runtime_error("Referenced vector data not found: " + source_id); }
            }
        } else {
            // Handle single input for existing operations
            auto input_data = step["input_data"];
            input_type = input_data["type"];

            if (input_type == "direct") {
                if (operation == "INTERPOLATE") {
                    // Handle the complex list of lists structure for interpolation
                    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> interpolation_data;
                    auto fx_data_list = input_data["fx_data"].get_array();
                    auto fy_data_list = input_data["fy_data"].get_array();
                    size_t idx = 0;
                    for (auto fx : fx_data_list) {
                        std::vector<double> fx_vec;
                        for (auto val : fx.get_array()) fx_vec.push_back(val.get_double());
                        interpolation_data["fx" + std::to_string(idx)] = std::move(fx_vec);
                        auto fy = fy_data_list.at(idx).get_array();
                        std::vector<double> fy_vec;
                        for (auto val : fy) fy_vec.push_back(val.get_double());
                        interpolation_data["fy" + std::to_string(idx)] = std::move(fy_vec);
                        idx++;
                    }
                    std::vector<double> x_interp;
                    for (auto val : step["parameters"]["x_interp_points"].get_array()) { x_interp.push_back(val.get_double()); }
                    
                    std::vector<double> interp_result = hyperbolic_parabolic_interpolation(interpolation_data, x_interp);
                    input_tensor = Tensor(interp_result, {interp_result.size()});

                } else {
                    std::vector<double> flat_data;
                    for (auto val : input_data["data"].get_array()) { flat_data.push_back(val.get_double()); }
                    std::vector<size_t> shape;
                    for (auto val : input_data["shape"].get_array()) { shape.push_back(size_t(val.get_uint64())); }
                    input_tensor = Tensor(flat_data, shape);
                }
            } else if (input_type == "reference") {
                std::string source_id = std::string(input_data["source_id"].get_string());
                auto it = data_store->find(source_id);
                if (it != data_store->end()) { input_tensor = it->second; }
                else { throw std::runtime_error("Referenced data not found: " + source_id); }
            }
        }

        Tensor result_tensor;
        if (operation == "CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D") {
            result_tensor = calculate_gradient_1d(input_tensor);
        } else if (operation == "TENSOR_TRANSFORMATION") {
            result_tensor = tensor_transform(input_tensor);
        } else if (operation == "EIGENVALUE_PACKING") {
            std::vector<double> unpacked_data = pack_eigenvalue_data(input_tensor.data);
            result_tensor = Tensor(unpacked_data, input_tensor.shape);
        } else if (operation == "NEUROMORPHIC_PREDICT") {
            SpikingNetwork snn(input_tensor.data.size(), 10, 5);
            std::vector<int> spike_counts = snn.predict(input_tensor.data);
            std::vector<double> spike_double;
            for (int count : spike_counts) spike_double.push_back(static_cast<double>(count));
            result_tensor = Tensor(spike_double, {spike_double.size()});
        } else if (operation == "TENSOR_MATRIX_VECTOR_MULTIPLY_CUDA") {
            result_tensor = tensor_matrix_vector_multiply_cuda(input_tensor, input_tensor_2);
        } else {
            throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported operation: " + std::string(operation));
        }

        auto output_id_res = step["output_id"];
        if (output_id_res.error() == SUCCESS) {
            (*data_store)[std::string(output_id_res.get_string())] = result_tensor;
        } else {
            final_result_data = result_tensor.data;
        }
    }
    return final_result_data;
}

void handle_json_workflow_request(int client_socket, const std::string& payload_json) {
    using namespace simdjson;
    try {
        padded_string padded_payload = padded_string::load(payload_json);
        ondemand::parser parser;
        ondemand::document workflow_doc = parser.iterate(padded_payload);
        std::vector<double> result_data = handle_workflow_json(workflow_doc);

        std::string response = "{ \"status\": \"success\", \"result\": [";
        for (size_t i = 0; i < result_data.size(); ++i) {
            response += std::to_string(result_data[i]);
            if (i < result_data.size() - 1) { response += ", "; }
        }
        response += "] }";
        send(client_socket, response.c_str(), response.length(), 0);
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        std::string error_response = "{ \"status\": \"error\", \"message\": \"" + std::string(e.what()) + "\" }";
        send(client_socket, error_response.c_str(), error_response.length(), 0);
    }
    close(client_socket);
}

void handle_legacy_binary(int client_socket, uint8_t initial_op_code) {
    try {
        if (initial_op_code != OPERATION_LEGACY_INTERPOLATE) { send_raw_error(client_socket, "Invalid operation code."); return; }
        uint32_t num_dims;
        if (receive_all(client_socket, &num_dims, sizeof(uint32_t)) <= 0) { send_raw_error(client_socket, "Disconnected during dimension count."); return; }
        num_dims = ntohl(num_dims);
        std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> data_dict;
        std::vector<double> x_interp;
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_dims; ++i) {
            uint32_t fx_len, fy_len;
            if (receive_all(client_socket, &fx_len, sizeof(uint32_t)) <= 0 ||
                receive_all(client_socket, &fy_len, sizeof(uint32_t)) <= 0) { send_raw_error(client_socket, "Disconnected during length reception."); return; }
            fx_len = ntohl(fx_len); fy_len = ntohl(fy_len);
            std::vector<double> fx_data(fx_len);
            std::vector<double> fy_data(fy_len);
            if (receive_all(client_socket, fx_data.data(), fx_len * sizeof(double)) <= 0 ||
                receive_all(client_socket, fy_data.data(), fy_len * sizeof(double)) <= 0) { send_raw_error(client_socket, "Incomplete data."); return; }
            data_dict["fx" + std::to_string(i)] = fx_data;
            data_dict["fy" + std::to_string(i)] = fy_data;
        }
        uint32_t x_interp_len;
        if (receive_all(client_socket, &x_interp_len, sizeof(uint32_t)) <= 0) { send_raw_error(client_socket, "Disconnected during interp length."); return; }
        x_interp_len = ntohl(x_interp_len);
        x_interp.resize(x_interp_len);
        if (receive_all(client_socket, x_interp.data(), x_interp_len * sizeof(double)) <= 0) { send_raw_error(client_socket, "Incomplete interp data."); return; }
        std::vector<double> result = hyperbolic_parabolic_interpolation(data_dict, x_interp);
        send_raw_result(client_socket, result);
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        send_raw_error(client_socket, e.what());
    }
    close(client_socket);
}

void handle_client(int client_socket) {
    uint8_t op_code_buffer[1];
    ssize_t bytes_peeked = recv(client_socket, op_code_buffer, 1, MSG_PEEK);
    if (bytes_peeked <= 0) { close(client_socket); return; }
    uint8_t op_code = op_code_buffer[0];
    recv(client_socket, op_code_buffer, 1, 0);
    if (op_code == OPERATION_WORKFLOW) {
        uint32_t payload_len;
        if (receive_all(client_socket, &payload_len, sizeof(payload_len)) <= 0) { close(client_socket); return; }
        payload_len = ntohl(payload_len);
        std::string payload(payload_len, '\0');
        if (receive_all(client_socket, &payload[0], payload_len) <= 0) { close(client_socket); return; }
        handle_json_workflow_request(client_socket, payload);
    } else {
        handle_legacy_binary(client_socket, op_code);
    }
}

void start_unified_server() {
    int server_fd, client_socket;
    struct sockaddr_in address;
    int addrlen = sizeof(address);
    if ((server_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == 0) { perror("Socket creation failed"); return; }
    int opt = 1;
    if (setsockopt(server_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &opt, sizeof(opt)) < 0) {
        perror("setsockopt");
        close(server_fd);
        return;
    }
    address.sin_family = AF_INET;
    address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
    address.sin_port = htons(LEGACY_SERVER_PORT);
    if (bind(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address, sizeof(address)) < 0) { perror("Bind failed"); return; }
    if (listen(server_fd, 5) < 0) { perror("Listen failed"); return; }
    std::cout << "Unified server listening on port " << LEGACY_SERVER_PORT << std::endl;
    while (true) {
        if ((client_socket = accept(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address, (socklen_t*)&addrlen)) < 0) { perror("Accept failed"); continue; }
        std::thread client_thread(handle_client, client_socket);
        client_thread.detach();
    }
}

int main() {
    start_unified_server();
    return 0;
}



Nascent Adi-Protocol_Neuromorphic-Internet-4.0.cpp with Optical-NOC-VHDL print! & Philosophy & Method! 8:-) Appended with use case solution.

 // adi_hybrid_neuromorphic_internet4.0_system.cpp
// This program integrates components to create a hybrid system
// that leverages traditional HPC and neuromorphic computing.
// The primary goal is to demonstrate a workflow where a numerical task (gradient calculation)
// is handled by the HPC layer, and the resulting features are processed by a simulated
// Spiking Neural Network (SNN) for pattern recognition.

// Shouts out to the ASEF worldwide, let's reduce our pickaxe junking for Internet 4.0 so Natural Resource Scientists have less worries. How we do this? My initial first post which has been a point of interest to me allows classical computers to do this work though at a greater efficiency through distributed throughput than some packaging deal between assumed stock valuation sentiment of buyers and sellers. Lets hope our family estuaries are forward leveraged ahead of debenture capitalist cycles to debt risk indentitude of our common civilization.

// How do you do this? Call your insurance company, bank options management cycler to your home and of course expect your representative or constitutional governance bodies to respect the case of sovereignty or sovietry to provision our collective future saliently.

// --- Necessary Headers ---
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <cmath>
#include <numeric>
#include <algorithm>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <random>
#include <execution> 
#include <omp.h>     
#include <bit>       
#include <cstring>   

// For SIMD JSON parsing (assumes simdjson is available)
#include "simdjson.h"
using namespace simdjson;

// For HTTP server (assumes cpp-httplib is available)
#define CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
#include "httplib.h"

// For CUDA GPU support (assumes CUDA Toolkit and Thrust are installed)
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <thrust/host_vector.h>
#include <thrust/device_vector.h>
#include <thrust/transform.h>
#include <thrust/adjacent_difference.h>

// --- Common Constants for Workflow Operations ---
// These constants define the types of operations that can be
// included in a workflow sent from a client.
const int OPERATION_CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D = 2;
const int OPERATION_WORKFLOW = 6;
const int OPERATION_NEUROMORPHIC_PREDICT = 7;

// --- Helper Functions for CUDA and CPU support detection ---
// These functions check for the presence of the necessary hardware and
// runtime libraries.
bool has_cuda_support() {
    int device_count = 0;
    cudaError_t err = cudaGetDeviceCount(&device_count);
    return err == cudaSuccess && device_count > 0;
}

// --- Neuromorphic Component: Spiking Neural Network ---

// Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) Neuron Model
// This class simulates a single LIF neuron. Its membrane potential
// integrates input current over time and "leaks" back to a resting potential.
// It fires a "spike" and resets when its potential exceeds a threshold.
class LIFNeuron {
public:
    LIFNeuron(double tau_m = 20.0, double v_rest = -65.0, double v_reset = -65.0, double v_thresh = -50.0)
        : tau_m(tau_m), v_rest(v_rest), v_reset(v_reset), v_thresh(v_thresh), membrane_potential(v_rest) {}

    // Updates the neuron's state and returns true if it spiked.
    bool update(double input_current, double dt) {
        double dv = (-(membrane_potential - v_rest) + input_current) / tau_m;
        membrane_potential += dv * dt;
        if (membrane_potential >= v_thresh) {
            membrane_potential = v_reset;
            return true; // Spike
        }
        return false; // No spike
    }
private:
    double tau_m, v_rest, v_reset, v_thresh, membrane_potential;
};

// A simple Spiking Neural Network with two layers.
// This network processes an input vector by propagating spikes and
// counting the total spikes in the output layer.
class SpikingNetwork {
public:
    SpikingNetwork(int input_size, int hidden_size, int output_size)
        : input_size(input_size), hidden_size(hidden_size), output_size(output_size) {
        // Initialize neurons
        hidden_layer.resize(hidden_size);
        output_layer.resize(output_size);

        // Initialize random weights
        std::random_device rd;
        std::mt19937 gen(rd());
        std::uniform_real_distribution<> dis(0.0, 1.0);
        input_to_hidden_weights.resize(input_size, std::vector<double>(hidden_size));
        for (auto& row : input_to_hidden_weights)
            for (auto& val : row)
                val = dis(gen);

        hidden_to_output_weights.resize(hidden_size, std::vector<double>(output_size));
        for (auto& row : hidden_to_output_weights)
            for (auto& val : row)
                val = dis(gen);
    }

    // Processes the input vector over a simulated period of time.
    std::vector<int> predict(const std::vector<double>& input_vector, int num_timesteps = 100, double dt = 1.0) {
        // Ensure input size matches the network's expected input.
        if (input_vector.size() != input_size) {
            throw std::runtime_error("Input vector size mismatch.");
        }

        std::vector<int> output_spike_counts(output_size, 0);

        // Simulation loop over time steps
        for (int t = 0; t < num_timesteps; ++t) {
            std::vector<double> hidden_currents(hidden_size, 0.0);
            
            // Calculate currents for the hidden layer
            for (int i = 0; i < input_size; ++i) {
                for (int j = 0; j < hidden_size; ++j) {
                    hidden_currents[j] += input_vector[i] * input_to_hidden_weights[i][j];
                }
            }

            std::vector<bool> hidden_spikes(hidden_size, false);
            std::vector<double> output_currents(output_size, 0.0);

            // Update hidden neurons and propagate spikes
            for (int j = 0; j < hidden_size; ++j) {
                if (hidden_layer[j].update(hidden_currents[j], dt)) {
                    hidden_spikes[j] = true;
                }
            }

            // Calculate currents for the output layer based on hidden spikes
            for (int j = 0; j < hidden_size; ++j) {
                if (hidden_spikes[j]) {
                    for (int k = 0; k < output_size; ++k) {
                        output_currents[k] += hidden_to_output_weights[j][k];
                    }
                }
            }

            // Update output neurons and accumulate spike counts
            for (int k = 0; k < output_size; ++k) {
                if (output_layer[k].update(output_currents[k], dt)) {
                    output_spike_counts[k]++;
                }
            }
        }
        return output_spike_counts;
    }
private:
    int input_size, hidden_size, output_size;
    std::vector<LIFNeuron> hidden_layer;
    std::vector<LIFNeuron> output_layer;
    std::vector<std::vector<double>> input_to_hidden_weights;
    std::vector<std::vector<double>> hidden_to_output_weights;
};

// --- Thrust Functor for Gradient Calculation ---
// This functor is used to compute the difference between adjacent elements on the GPU.
// It is specifically designed to work with Thrust's parallel algorithms.
struct gradient_functor {
    template <typename T>
    __host__ __device__ T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const {
        return y - x;
    }
};

// --- Core Workflow Logic ---
std::string handle_workflow(const std::string& request_body) {
    ondemand::parser parser;
    padded_string json_data = padded_string::load(request_body);
    ondemand::document doc = parser.iterate(json_data);
    
    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> intermediate_results;
    std::string response_str;
    
    try {
        for (auto element : doc["workflow"].get_array()) {
            std::string op_type = std::string(element["operation_type"].get_string());
            std::string output_id = std::string(element["output_id"].get_string());
            std::vector<double> input_data_vec;

            // Determine input source (direct data or intermediate result)
            std::string input_type = std::string(element["input_data"]["type"].get_string());
            if (input_type == "direct") {
                for (auto val : element["input_data"]["data"].get_array()) {
                    input_data_vec.push_back(val.get_double());
                }
            } else if (input_type == "reference") {
                std::string ref_id = std::string(element["input_data"]["reference_id"].get_string());
                if (intermediate_results.count(ref_id)) {
                    input_data_vec = intermediate_results[ref_id];
                } else {
                    throw std::runtime_error("Reference ID not found: " + ref_id);
                }
            }

            // --- Execute Operation ---
            if (op_type == "CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D") {
                std::vector<double> gradient;
                if (input_data_vec.size() > 1) {
                    // Use GPU via Thrust if available, otherwise fall back to CPU
                    if (has_cuda_support()) {
                        std::cout << "Calculating gradient on GPU with Thrust." << std::endl;
                        thrust::host_vector<double> h_input = input_data_vec;
                        thrust::device_vector<double> d_input = h_input;
                        thrust::device_vector<double> d_gradient(d_input.size() - 1);
                        thrust::adjacent_difference(
                            d_input.begin(), d_input.end(), d_gradient.begin(), gradient_functor()
                        );
                        gradient = d_gradient; // Copy back to host
                    } else {
                        std::cout << "Calculating gradient on CPU with OpenMP." << std::endl;
                        gradient.resize(input_data_vec.size() - 1);
                        #pragma omp parallel for
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < input_data_vec.size() - 1; ++i) {
                            gradient[i] = input_data_vec[i+1] - input_data_vec[i];
                        }
                    }
                }
                intermediate_results[output_id] = gradient;

            } else if (op_type == "NEUROMORPHIC_PREDICT") {
                std::cout << "Processing data with the simulated SNN." << std::endl;
                SpikingNetwork snn(input_data_vec.size(), 10, 5); // Example network
                std::vector<int> spike_counts = snn.predict(input_data_vec);

                // Build a JSON response with the spike counts
                std::string spikes_json = "{ \"spike_counts\": [";
                for (size_t i = 0; i < spike_counts.size(); ++i) {
                    spikes_json += std::to_string(spike_counts[i]);
                    if (i < spike_counts.size() - 1) {
                        spikes_json += ", ";
                    }
                }
                spikes_json += "] }";
                response_str = spikes_json;
            } else {
                throw std::runtime_error("Unknown operation type: " + op_type);
            }
        }
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        return std::string("Error: ") + e.what();
    }
    return response_str;
}

// --- Server and Client Logic ---
void start_server() {
    httplib::Server svr;
    svr.Post("/workflow", [&](const httplib::Request& req, httplib::Response& res) {
        try {
            std::string response_str = handle_workflow(req.body);
            res.set_content(response_str, "application/json");
            res.status = 200;
        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
            res.set_content(e.what(), "text/plain");
            res.status = 500;
        }
    });

    std::cout << "Server listening on localhost:8080" << std::endl;
    svr.listen("0.0.0.0", 8080);
}

void start_client() {
    std::cout << "Client started. Sending workflow to server." << std::endl;
    httplib::Client cli("localhost", 8080);
    
    // This JSON defines a two-step workflow:
    // 1. Calculate the gradient of a sample time-series signal.
    // 2. Use that gradient as input for the neuromorphic SNN.
    std::string workflow_json = R"({
        "workflow": [
            {
                "operation_type": "CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D",
                "input_data": {
                    "type": "direct",
                    "data": [10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 12.0, 10.5, 9.0, 8.5]
                },
                "output_id": "gradient_result"
            },
            {
                "operation_type": "NEUROMORPHIC_PREDICT",
                "input_data": {
                    "type": "reference",
                    "reference_id": "gradient_result"
                },
                "output_id": "neuromorphic_result"
            }
        ]
    })";

    if (auto res = cli.Post("/workflow", workflow_json, "application/json")) {
        if (res->status == 200) {
            std::cout << "Server response: " << res->body << std::endl;
        } else {
            std::cerr << "Server error: " << httplib::to_string(res.error()) << " Status: " << res->status << std::endl;
        }
    } else {
        std::cerr << "Client error: " << httplib::to_string(res.error()) << std::endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    std::thread server_thread(start_server);
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
    std::thread client_thread(start_client);

    server_thread.join();
    client_thread.join();

    return 0;
}

--- VHDL Architecture for a Conceptual Neuromorphic Core
-- with an ARM-compatible interface and ONoC integration.
-- The ARM processor now communicates with the core via the ONoC,
-- treating it as a high-speed peripheral.

library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;

-- A conceptual package for memory-mapped interface signals.
package arm_interface_types is
    -- A conceptual type for a 32-bit memory-mapped bus.
    type arm_bus_master is record
        addr_bus   : std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
        write_data : std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
        read_data  : std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
        write_en   : std_logic;
        read_en    : std_logic;
    end record;
end package arm_interface_types;

use work.arm_interface_types.all;

-- A conceptual package for optical-related signals.
package optical_types is
    -- A conceptual type for a wide, high-speed optical channel.
    -- Assuming a 128-bit wide data path for high throughput.
    type optical_channel is record
        data  : std_logic_vector(127 downto 0);
        valid : std_logic;
        ready : std_logic;
    end record;
end package optical_types;

use work.optical_types.all;

-- The top-level entity, now with both ARM and Optical interfaces.
-- The ARM bus would be used for configuration and control, while the
-- optical channels handle the high-speed data transfer.
entity NeuromorphicProcessor_ARM_ONoC is
    port (
        clk      : in  std_logic;
        reset    : in  std_logic;
        
        -- ARM Host Interface (memory-mapped) for control
        arm_bus  : inout arm_bus_master;
        
        -- Optical Input Interface
        optical_in_channel  : in  optical_channel;
        
        -- Optical Output Interface
        optical_out_channel : out optical_channel
    );
end entity NeuromorphicProcessor_ARM_ONoC;

architecture Behavioral of NeuromorphicProcessor_ARM_ONoC is
    -- Internal signals for the network state.
    signal internal_data_bus           : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);
    signal internal_spike_counts_bus   : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);
    signal processing_done_signal      : std_logic := '0';

    -- Signals to interface with the ONoC component
    signal onoc_electrical_in_bus      : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);
    signal onoc_electrical_in_valid    : std_logic := '0';
    signal onoc_electrical_in_ready    : std_logic;
    signal onoc_electrical_out_bus     : std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);
    signal onoc_electrical_out_valid   : std_logic;
    signal onoc_electrical_out_ready   : std_logic := '0';

    -- Component for a single Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neuron.
    component LIFNeuron is
        port (
            clk, reset    : in  std_logic;
            input_current : in  std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);
            spike_out     : out std_logic;
            membrane_potential : out std_logic_vector(63 downto 0)
        );
    end component;

    -- Component for the Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) Interface.
    component ONoC_Interface is
        port (
            clk, reset : in std_logic;
            
            optical_in : in  optical_channel;
            optical_out: out optical_channel;
            
            electrical_in_bus    : in  std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);
            electrical_in_valid  : in  std_logic;
            electrical_in_ready  : out std_logic;
            electrical_out_bus   : out std_logic_vector(63 downto 0);
            electrical_out_valid : out std_logic;
            electrical_out_ready : in  std_logic
        );
    end component;
    
    -- FSM states for managing the process
    type t_fsm_state is (S_IDLE, S_RUN_SIMULATION, S_OUTPUT_DATA);
    signal fsm_state : t_fsm_state := S_IDLE;
    
    -- Define the memory-mapped registers for ARM control
    constant CONTROL_REG_ADDR  : std_logic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"00000000";
    constant STATUS_REG_ADDR   : std_logic_vector(31 downto 0) := x"00000004";

begin
    -- Instantiate the ONoC Interface to handle data movement.
    ONoC_Inst : ONoC_Interface
        port map (
            clk        => clk,
            reset      => reset,
            optical_in => optical_in_channel,
            optical_out=> optical_out_channel,
            
            electrical_in_bus    => internal_spike_counts_bus,
            electrical_in_valid  => processing_done_signal, -- Signals when results are ready
            electrical_in_ready  => onoc_electrical_in_ready,
            electrical_out_bus   => onoc_electrical_out_bus,
            electrical_out_valid => onoc_electrical_out_valid,
            electrical_out_ready => onoc_electrical_out_ready
        );

    -- Main Processing Logic
    process (clk, reset)
    begin
        if reset = '1' then
            fsm_state <= S_IDLE;
            processing_done_signal <= '0';
            onoc_electrical_out_ready <= '0';
        elsif rising_edge(clk) then
            case fsm_state is
                when S_IDLE =>
                    onoc_electrical_out_ready <= '1'; -- Signal that we're ready for data from ONoC
                    if onoc_electrical_out_valid = '1' then
                        -- Data is available from the ONoC; load it for processing.
                        internal_data_bus <= onoc_electrical_out_bus;
                        fsm_state <= S_RUN_SIMULATION;
                        onoc_electrical_out_ready <= '0';
                    end if;
                    
                when S_RUN_SIMULATION =>
                    -- This is where the core neuromorphic logic would run.
                    -- The network would be controlled for a fixed number of timesteps.
                    -- After processing, prepare the output and transition.
                    -- This part is a placeholder for the actual neuron instantiation and logic.
                    
                    -- Assume results are ready and stored in internal_spike_counts_bus
                    processing_done_signal <= '1';
                    fsm_state <= S_OUTPUT_DATA;
                    
                when S_OUTPUT_DATA =>
                    -- Check if the ONoC has acknowledged our output data.
                    if onoc_electrical_in_ready = '1' then
                        processing_done_signal <= '0';
                        fsm_state <= S_IDLE; -- Return to idle to await new input
                    end if;
            end case;
        end if;
    end process;
    
    -- ARM Bus Interface Logic
    -- This now handles high-level control and status, not direct data transfer.
    process (clk, reset)
    begin
        if reset = '1' then
            -- Reset ARM interface
        elsif rising_edge(clk) then
            if arm_bus.write_en = '1' then
                if arm_bus.addr_bus = CONTROL_REG_ADDR then
                    -- ARM writes a command (e.g., start, reset).
                    -- This would interact with the main FSM, if needed.
                end if;
            end if;
            
            if arm_bus.read_en = '1' then
                if arm_bus.addr_bus = STATUS_REG_ADDR then
                    -- ARM reads the status, e.g., if the core is idle.
                    arm_bus.read_data <= (others => '0'); -- Placeholder status
                end if;
            end if;
        end if;
    end process;
    
end architecture Behavioral;

# adi_hybrid_neuromorphic_suite.py
# This script is a Python translation and refit of the logic from the provided
# C and C++ files. It creates a hybrid computing system with a Flask web server,
# a JSON-based workflow engine, and a neuromorphic Spiking Neural Network (SNN).
# It leverages NumPy for high-performance CPU computation and can optionally use
# CuPy for GPU acceleration if a compatible NVIDIA GPU and CUDA are available.

import numpy as np
import json
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
import requests
import threading
import time

# --- GPU Support Check ---
# This section checks for the availability of CuPy, which is used for GPU acceleration.
# If CuPy is not found, the application will gracefully fall back to using NumPy on the CPU.
try:
    import cupy as cp
    CUPY_AVAILABLE = True
    print("CuPy found. GPU acceleration is enabled.")
except ImportError:
    CUPY_AVAILABLE = False
    print("CuPy not found. Using NumPy for CPU computation.")

# --- Neuromorphic Component: Spiking Neural Network (SNN) ---

class LIFNeuron:
    """
    A Python implementation of the Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neuron model.
    This class simulates the behavior of a single biological neuron.
    """
    def __init__(self, tau_m=20.0, v_rest=-65.0, v_reset=-65.0, v_thresh=-50.0):
        self.tau_m = tau_m              # Membrane time constant
        self.v_rest = v_rest            # Resting potential
        self.v_reset = v_reset          # Reset potential after a spike
        self.v_thresh = v_thresh        # Firing threshold
        self.membrane_potential = v_rest

    def update(self, input_current, dt=1.0):
        """
        Updates the neuron's membrane potential based on input current.
        Returns True if the neuron fires a spike, otherwise False.
        """
        dv = (-(self.membrane_potential - self.v_rest) + input_current) / self.tau_m
        self.membrane_potential += dv * dt
        if self.membrane_potential >= self.v_thresh:
            self.membrane_potential = self.v_reset
            return True  # Spike occurred
        return False # No spike

class SpikingNetwork:
    """
    A simple two-layer Spiking Neural Network (SNN).
    This network processes input data by simulating the firing of interconnected LIF neurons.
    """
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size):
        self.input_size = input_size
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
        self.output_size = output_size

        # Initialize neurons for hidden and output layers
        self.hidden_layer = [LIFNeuron() for _ in range(hidden_size)]
        self.output_layer = [LIFNeuron() for _ in range(output_size)]

        # Initialize weights with random values using NumPy for efficiency
        self.input_to_hidden_weights = np.random.rand(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.hidden_to_output_weights = np.random.rand(hidden_size, output_size)

    def predict(self, input_vector, num_timesteps=100, dt=1.0):
        """
        Processes an input vector over a series of time steps and returns the
        total number of spikes from the output neurons.
        """
        if len(input_vector) != self.input_size:
            raise ValueError("Input vector size does not match network input size.")

        output_spike_counts = np.zeros(self.output_size, dtype=int)

        # The core simulation loop
        for _ in range(num_timesteps):
            # Calculate input currents for the hidden layer using matrix multiplication
            hidden_currents = np.dot(input_vector, self.input_to_hidden_weights)
            
            # Update hidden neurons and record spikes
            hidden_spikes = np.array([neuron.update(current, dt) for neuron, current in zip(self.hidden_layer, hidden_currents)])
            
            # Calculate input currents for the output layer if any hidden neurons spiked
            if np.any(hidden_spikes):
                output_currents = np.dot(hidden_spikes, self.hidden_to_output_weights)
            else:
                output_currents = np.zeros(self.output_size)

            # Update output neurons and count spikes
            for k, current in enumerate(output_currents):
                if self.output_layer[k].update(current, dt):
                    output_spike_counts[k] += 1
        
        return output_spike_counts.tolist()

# --- High-Performance Computing Functions ---

def calculate_gradient_1d(data):
    """
    Calculates the 1D gradient (difference between adjacent elements) of an array.
    It automatically uses CuPy for GPU acceleration if available, otherwise NumPy.
    """
    if not isinstance(data, (np.ndarray, list)):
        raise TypeError("Input data must be a list or NumPy array.")
    
    if CUPY_AVAILABLE:
        # Use GPU
        print("Calculating gradient on GPU with CuPy.")
        gpu_array = cp.asarray(data)
        gradient = cp.diff(gpu_array)
        return cp.asnumpy(gradient).tolist() # Return result as a standard Python list
    else:
        # Use CPU
        print("Calculating gradient on CPU with NumPy.")
        cpu_array = np.asarray(data)
        gradient = np.diff(cpu_array)
        return gradient.tolist()

# --- Core Workflow and Server Logic ---

app = Flask(__name__)
intermediate_results = {}

@app.route('/workflow', methods=['POST'])
def handle_workflow_request():
    """
    Handles incoming JSON workflow requests. This function parses the workflow,
    executes the specified operations in sequence, and returns the final result.
    """
    try:
        workflow = request.json['workflow']
        final_result = None

        for step in workflow:
            op_type = step['operation_type']
            input_data_def = step['input_data']
            output_id = step['output_id']
            
            # Resolve input data (either direct or from a previous step)
            if input_data_def['type'] == 'direct':
                input_data = input_data_def['data']
            elif input_data_def['type'] == 'reference':
                ref_id = input_data_def['reference_id']
                if ref_id in intermediate_results:
                    input_data = intermediate_results[ref_id]
                else:
                    return jsonify({"error": f"Reference ID not found: {ref_id}"}), 400
            
            # Execute the requested operation
            if op_type == 'CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D':
                result = calculate_gradient_1d(input_data)
                intermediate_results[output_id] = result
                final_result = result
            elif op_type == 'NEUROMORPHIC_PREDICT':
                # Initialize the SNN with the correct input size
                snn = SpikingNetwork(input_size=len(input_data), hidden_size=20, output_size=5)
                result = snn.predict(input_data)
                intermediate_results[output_id] = result
                final_result = {"spike_counts": result}
            else:
                return jsonify({"error": f"Unknown operation type: {op_type}"}), 400

        return jsonify(final_result)

    except Exception as e:
        return jsonify({"error": str(e)}), 500

def start_server():
    """Starts the Flask web server."""
    # Running in debug mode is not recommended for production
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8080, debug=False)

def start_client():
    """
    A simple client to demonstrate sending a workflow request to the server.
    """
    print("\nClient started. Sending workflow to the server...")
    
    # This JSON defines the same two-step workflow as the C++ example:
    # 1. Calculate the gradient of a time-series signal.
    # 2. Feed the gradient into the SNN for prediction.
    workflow_json = {
        "workflow": [
            {
                "operation_type": "CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D",
                "input_data": {
                    "type": "direct",
                    "data": [10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 12.0, 10.5, 9.0, 8.5]
                },
                "output_id": "gradient_result"
            },
            {
                "operation_type": "NEUROMORPHIC_PREDICT",
                "input_data": {
                    "type": "reference",
                    "reference_id": "gradient_result"
                },
                "output_id": "neuromorphic_result"
            }
        ]
    }
    
    try:
        response = requests.post('http://localhost:8080/workflow', json=workflow_json)
        response.raise_for_status() # Raise an exception for bad status codes
        print("Server Response:")
        print(response.json())
    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
        print(f"Client Error: Could not connect to the server. {e}")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Start the server in a separate thread so the client can run
    server_thread = threading.Thread(target=start_server)
    server_thread.daemon = True
    server_thread.start()
    
    # Give the server a moment to start up
    time.sleep(2)
    
    # Run the client
    start_client()
    
    # Keep the main thread alive to allow the server to run
    # In a real application, you might have a more robust shutdown mechanism
    server_thread.join()

# --- Extended Use Case System and Examples ---
#
# The following sections are commented-out conceptual examples of how this
# hybrid computing suite could be extended for other applications.
#
# ==============================================================================
# --- USE CASE 1: REAL-TIME ANOMALY DETECTION IN FINANCIAL DATA ---
# ==============================================================================
#
# CONCEPT:
# A financial institution wants to detect anomalous trading patterns in real-time.
# High-frequency trading data (e.g., stock prices, volumes) streams into the system.
# The system must preprocess this data and use the neuromorphic SNN to spot
# patterns that deviate from the norm, potentially indicating market manipulation
# or a system glitch.
#
# WORKFLOW:
# 1. Data Ingestion: A separate process (e.g., a Kafka consumer) receives raw trade data.
# 2. Preprocessing (HPC): The raw data is batched into time windows (e.g., 1-second intervals).
#    The `CALCULATE_GRADIENT_1D` operation is used on the price data to determine the
#    rate of change (velocity) and acceleration, which are key features. This happens on the GPU.
# 3. Anomaly Detection (Neuromorphic): The calculated gradients (features) are fed into
#    a pre-trained Spiking Neural Network. The SNN is trained to recognize "normal"
#    market behavior. If an input pattern results in an unusual spike count from the
#    output neurons (e.g., a neuron designated for "high volatility" fires excessively),
#    an alert is triggered.
#
#
# @app.route('/financial_anomaly', methods=['POST'])
# def handle_financial_data():
#     """
#     A conceptual endpoint for handling a stream of financial data.
#     """
#     trade_data = request.json.get('trades', [])
#     if not trade_data:
#         return jsonify({"error": "No trade data provided"}), 400
#
#     # In a real system, this would be a more complex workflow submission
#     # to the existing '/workflow' endpoint.
#     prices = [trade['price'] for trade in trade_data]
#
#     # 1. Preprocessing: Calculate price velocity
#     price_velocity = calculate_gradient_1d(prices)
#
#     # 2. Neuromorphic Prediction
#     # Assume an SNN is trained for this specific task
#     snn_input_size = len(price_velocity)
#     anomaly_snn = SpikingNetwork(input_size=snn_input_size, hidden_size=50, output_size=3)
#     # Output neurons could represent: [normal, moderate_volatility, high_anomaly]
#     spike_counts = anomaly_snn.predict(price_velocity)
#
#     # 3. Decision Logic
#     if spike_counts[2] > 10: # Threshold for the "high_anomaly" neuron
#         alert_message = f"High anomaly detected! Spike count: {spike_counts[2]}"
#         print(alert_message)
#         return jsonify({"status": "ALERT", "message": alert_message})
#     else:
#         return jsonify({"status": "OK", "spike_counts": spike_counts})
#
# ==============================================================================
# --- USE CASE 2: GAME ENGINE NETWORK THROUGHPUT & WEBCASTING ---
# ==============================================================================
#
# CONCEPT:
# This server can be extended to act as a simple backend for a multiplayer game
# or a live webcasting service.
#
# --- Part A: Game Engine State Synchronization ---
#
# A simple game where players control positions. The server receives updates
# from clients and broadcasts the new game state to all connected clients.
# The SNN could be used here for bot AI, predicting player movement.
#
# from flask_socketio import SocketIO, emit
#
# # This would require installing flask_socketio: pip install flask-socketio
# socketio = SocketIO(app)
# game_state = {'players': {}} # Store player positions
#
# @socketio.on('connect')
# def handle_connect():
#     print('Client connected')
#
# @socketio.on('disconnect')
# def handle_disconnect():
#     print('Client disconnected')
#
# @socketio.on('player_update')
# def handle_player_update(data):
#     """
#     Receives a position update from a player and broadcasts it.
#     'data' would be a JSON like: {'player_id': 'some_id', 'position': [x, y, z]}
#     """
#     player_id = data.get('player_id')
#     position = data.get('position')
#     if player_id and position:
#         game_state['players'][player_id] = position
#         # Broadcast the new state to all clients
#         emit('game_state_update', game_state, broadcast=True)
#
# --- Part B: Simple Webcasting and HTML Form Posting ---
#
# The server can serve a simple HTML page and handle form submissions.
# It can also use WebSockets to push live updates to the web page.
#
# from flask import render_template_string
#
# HTML_TEMPLATE = """
# <!DOCTYPE html>
# <html>
# <head>
#     <title>Hybrid Compute Interface</title>
#     <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/4.0.1/socket.io.js"></script>
# </head>
# <body>
#     <h1>Post a Message</h1>
#     <form action="/post_message" method="post">
#         <input type="text" name="message" placeholder="Enter message">
#         <button type="submit">Post</button>
#     </form>
#     <h2>Live Webcast:</h2>
#     <div id="webcast"></div>
#
#     <script>
#         var socket = io.connect('http://' + document.domain + ':' + location.port);
#         socket.on('new_message', function(data) {
#             var p = document.createElement('p');
#             p.innerHTML = data.message;
#             document.getElementById('webcast').appendChild(p);
#         });
#     </script>
# </body>
# </html>
# """
#
# @app.route('/')
# def index():
#     """Serves the main HTML page."""
#     return render_template_string(HTML_TEMPLATE)
#
# @app.route('/post_message', methods=['POST'])
# def post_message():
#     """Handles form submission and webcasts the message."""
#     message = request.form.get('message', 'empty message')
#     # Use the socketio instance from Part A to broadcast
#     socketio.emit('new_message', {'message': message})
#     return 'Message posted and broadcasted!'
#
#
# To run the full example with WebSockets, you would need to modify the
# main execution block:
#
# if __name__ == '__main__':
#     # The server would be started with socketio.run() instead of app.run()
#     # socketio.run(app, host='0.0.0.0', port=8080)
#     pass